{"id":247548,"date":"2022-09-16T18:13:49","date_gmt":"2022-09-16T16:13:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/?page_id=247548"},"modified":"2023-05-17T21:30:22","modified_gmt":"2023-05-17T19:30:22","slug":"historic-development-of-body-psychotherapy","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/body-psychotherapy\/present-past\/historic-development-of-body-psychotherapy\/","title":{"rendered":"HISTORIC DEVELOPMENT OF BODY PSYCHOTHERAPY"},"content":{"rendered":"[et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”3px||40px|||” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/10\/pexels-tim-mossholder-4934062.jpg” parallax=”on” custom_padding=”200px||200px||true|false” filter_saturate=”0%” border_radii=”on|50px|50px|50px|50px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_post_title meta=”off” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” title_font=”|800|||||||” title_text_align=”center” title_text_color=”#FFFFFF” title_font_size=”50px” title_font_size_tablet=”30px” title_font_size_phone=”25px” title_font_size_last_edited=”on|phone” title_text_shadow_style=”preset1″ global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_post_title][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=”1″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”4px||130px||false|” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_row make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”11px||11px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_blurb icon_alignment=”left” content_max_width=”1000px” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#5C2E91″ header_font_size=”25px” body_text_align=”justify” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

The term \u201cBody Psychotherapy\u201d became established in the area of Psychotherapy during the 1980s. The European Association for Body Psychotherapy (EABP), the scientific and administrative association for Body Psychotherapy in Europe, was founded in 1988, and USABP is also active in the United States. Currently, the fourth-generation Body Psychotherapists are entering the profession, counting from Reich and Raknes.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_margin=”20px||20px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|50px|50px|50px|50px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#5C2E91″ custom_padding=”50px|50px|50px|50px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_blurb icon_alignment=”left” content_max_width=”1000px” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#5C2E91″ header_font_size=”25px” body_text_align=”justify” body_text_color=”#FFFFFF” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Body Psychotherapy includes a number of psychotherapeutic modalities based on the same fundamental principles:<\/b><\/p>\n

<\/b><\/p>\n

1.the body plays an important role in the psychic condition of the person<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

2.mind and body are interrelated<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n

3.the body\u2019s contribution and the emphasis on it enhance the healing potential of psychotherapy<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Sigmund-Freud-in-office-56a7922f5f9b58b7d0ebc7ad-scaled-1.jpg” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”11px||11px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][dsm_content_timeline dsm_timeline_style=”left” dsm_card_arrow=”on” dsm_pointer_bg_color=”#5C2E91″ dsm_pointer_icon_color=”#5C2E91″ dsm_tree_bg_color=”#5C2E91″ _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_align=”left” header_text_color=”#0D2239″ content_text_align=”justify” hover_enabled=”0″ border_width_all_pointer_border=”5px” border_color_all_pointer_border=”#00B8DE” global_colors_info=”{}” sticky_enabled=”0″][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Dr. Pierre Janet (1889)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

It could be said that the history of Body Psychotherapy begins with the work of <\/span>Dr. Pierre Janet<\/b> (1889), at least 3 years before Freud officially established psychoanalysis (1892). According to <\/span>David Boadella<\/b> (1997), Janet placed an emphasis on the body of the patient and non-verbal communication, and his findings are directly linked to Body Psychotherapy, since they include, among others, significant information concerning the blocking of the diaphragm, the effects of emotional intensity on the flow of bodily fluids and the importance of manual work for patients who have undergone a traumatic shock.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Albert Abrams (1891\u20131910)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Another important researcher in the history of Body Psychotherapy was <\/span>Albert Abrams<\/b> (1891\u20131910) who based some of his theories on the work of Franz Anton Mesmer (1779) and Armand-Marie-Jacques de Chastenet and Marquis de Puys\u00e9gur (1784) concerning the interrelation of mind and body.<\/span><\/p>\n

According to Boadella (1997), <\/span>Freud<\/b> conducted research on the findings of Janet and was influenced by his ideas, but later ignored the study of the body and focused solely on verbal communication. Initially Freud had described the idea of the ego as \u201cfirst and foremost a body-ego\u201d (Freud, 1923), stating the interconnectedness of mind and body. Also, he initially conceived of the libido within a framework of homeostasis promoting the liberation of bodily energy. Yet later he reconsidered, thinking that the body represents the dangerously predominant power of the instincts that should remain under the control of the mind. The mind thus became the focal point of classic psychotherapy as the means by which man can express his inner core after processing his thoughts and beliefs.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Wilhelm Reich (1897\u20131957)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Austro-Hungarian physician and psychoanalyst <\/span>Wilhelm Reich<\/b> (1897\u20131957), student and later collaborator of Freud, gradually became the most important pioneer of Body Psychotherapy. Reich focused on the \u201cCharacter\u201d of the analysand \u2013 the special personal way of being \u2013 which forms the foundation for the symptoms that are exhibited. He introduced the concept of the \u201cArmour\u201d referring to the defense mechanism developed by a person in order to cope with intense sensory input and unbearable emotion. The Armour has a character aspect and a somatic aspect. Reich also developed \u201cNeuro-vegetotherapy\u201d, a method of restoring the health of the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) through particular body techniques and exercises followed by verbal expression and processing.<\/span><\/p>\n

Reich\u2019s ideas on \u201cCharacter\u201d and the processing of resistance and negative transference were widely acclaimed by psychoanalysts, while his emphasis on working with the body, emotional discharge and sexuality was taken on and further developed by various neo-Reichians and Bioenergy schools.<\/span><\/p>\n

Later, Reich developed further the concepts of orgastic potency, sexual energy, what he called \u201corgone energy\u201d, becoming even less popular in the psychoanalytic circles.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Groddeck and Ferenczi” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Other pioneers such as <\/span>Groddeck<\/b> and <\/span>Ferenczi<\/b> experimented working in a more direct way with the body, while <\/span>Adler<\/b>, <\/span>Jung<\/b> and other focused on how psychic energy is distributed throughout the body and on the relation between mind and body.<\/span><\/p>\n

A few psychotherapists, contemporaries of Reich, were greatly influenced by his work with the body, in particular <\/span>Fritz Perls<\/b> (1969), founder of Gestalt therapy,<\/span> Arthur Janov<\/b> (1970) who founded <\/span>Primal Therapy<\/b>,and <\/span>Stanislav Grof<\/b> (1986) who named his own technique <\/span>Holotropic Breathwork<\/b>. Yet none of them acknowledged that influence.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Reich” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Reich\u2019s work on the body, muscular armoring and resistance, drew along many followers. In Norway and the United States, Reich worked with numerous therapists who incorporated his theory to their work processes. An international movement of Body Psychotherapy was developed, with quite a few variations either directly emanating from Reich\u2019s work or adding substantially to it, or at least owing a lot to it.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Elsworth Baker” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

In the United States, <\/span>Elsworth Baker<\/b> along with co-workers \u2013 known as \u201cOrgonomists\u201d \u2013 founded the American College of Orgonomy (1968) and published the <\/span>Orgonomy review<\/span><\/i>, continuing the tradition of Reich\u2019s Medical Orgonomy.<\/span><\/p>\n

Second-generation Body Psychotherapists, trained by Reich in the United States and called \u201cNeo-Reichians\u201d, include Alexander Lowen, John Pierrakos, Myron Sharaf and Eva Reich.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Alexander Lowen (1910-2008)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Physician <\/span>Alexander Lowen<\/b> (1910-2008) created <\/span>Bioenergetic Analysis<\/b> (1975), developing and adding very significant concepts-techniques to Body Psychotherapy: \u201cgrounding\u201d in psychotherapy, standing up and deepening breathing.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”John Pierrakos (1921-2001)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

John Pierrakos<\/b> (1921-2001), initially worked with Lowen, and then developed <\/span>Core Energetics<\/b> (1987) aiming to ease the release of the core self, combining his therapeutic experience in the practice of Bioenergetics with a kind of spiritual meditation used by his wife and the focus on joie de vivre.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Eva Reich” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Eva Reich<\/b>, W. Reich\u2019s youngest daughter, developed the technique of <\/span>Gentle Bioenergetics<\/b> or<\/span> Butterfly Baby Massage<\/b> (1996), a kind of soft massage that can be administered by mothers to babies born prematurely in order to aid the process of establishing a relationship that has been disrupted.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Ola Raknes (1887-1975)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

In Norway, psychoanalyst <\/span>Ola Raknes<\/b> (1887-1975) was also trained by Reich in <\/span>Characteranalytic<\/b> Vegetotherapy<\/b> and later he himself trained other scientists such as A.S. Neill, Paul Ritter, Peter Jones, David Boadella, Gerda Boyesen and Malcolm Brown. A few of them developed their own view of Body Psychotherapy and formed the third generation of Body Psychotherapists.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”David Boadella” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Thus, <\/span>David Boadella<\/b> developed <\/span>Biosynthesis<\/b>, delving on how the three embryological layers \u2013 endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm \u2013 influence the body\u2019s current structure. Boadella was a very significant personality in the area of Body Psychotherapy, especially from 1970 to 1990. He founded the first review on the subject of Body Psychotherapy, titled Energy & Character, with the help of which Body Psychotherapy acquired consistency and an independent identity as a scientific discipline. In addition, he was a founding member of the European Association of Body Psychotherapy (1988) and its first president.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Gerda Boyesen (1922-2005)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Gerda Boyesen<\/b> (1922-2005) founded <\/span>Biodynamic Psychology<\/b> (1980), contributing the understanding that the self-regulation system of emotional intensity functions not only through the orgasm reflex or the relaxation of muscular armour, but also based on the parasympathetic activity in the digestive system. She introduced the terms \u201cemotional absorption\u201d and \u201cpsychoperistalsis\u201d, and developed theory and techniques for the relaxation of the armour at the connective tissue and muscles according to Reich. She also developed a kind of very subtle massage relaxing and rebalancing the ANS, thus enhancing the expression of emotion lying behind the bodily tension.<\/span><\/p>\n

Her son, <\/span>Paul Boyesen<\/b>, later created his own method, which he called <\/span>Psycho-organic Analysis.<\/b><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Malcolm Brown & Katherine Ennis Brown” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Malcolm Brown<\/b> and his wife <\/span>Katherine Ennis Brown<\/b>, influenced by the Gestalt psychotherapy and by Charlotte Selver, Carl Rogers (2003), Reich, Lowen, Boadella (1987) and Boyesen (1980), developed <\/span>Organismic Psychotherapy<\/b>. They delved into the effect created by the therapist\u2019s touch and how it differentiates when the therapist is a man or a woman. Malcolm Brown conducted research into the varying functionality, in therapy, of \u201cvertical grounding\u201d (standing position) compared to \u201chorizontal grounding\u201d.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Lillemore Johnsen (1981)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Lillemore Johnsen<\/b> (1981), influenced by Freud and Reich, and through a more existential point of view, developed a particular method of \u201creading the body\u201d through soft touching and restoration of breathing, with precise diagnosis. She called her modality <\/span>Integrated Respiration Therapy<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Lisbeth Marcher (1989)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Lisbeth Marcher<\/b> (1989), using some of Johnsen\u2019s ideas, created the <\/span>Bodynamics<\/b> modality which states that personality problems and the elements of character structuring result from conflicts in relationships. Her techniques aim to transform old and persistent behavior motifs through the education process and the energizing of kinetic and psychological resources.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Charles Kelley (1922-2005)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Charles Kelley<\/b> (1922-2005) created the <\/span>Radix<\/b> method (1970s), a kind of \u201ctraining in emotion, purpose and improving eyesight\u201d, combining the techniques of Reich on emotional discharge and the method of William Bates for the improvement of eyesight.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Stanley Keleman (1986)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Stanley Keleman<\/b> (1986), a student of Alexander Lowen and Ola Raknes, differentiated greatly from Reich, proving that the concept of muscular armour, energy flow and its restriction is extended not only to muscles but also to the body\u2019s soft tissue, the bowels.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Ron Kurtz (1990)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Ron Kurtz<\/b> (1990), combining the influence of Gestalt therapy, Arthur Janov\u2019s Primal Therapy, Rolfing, Bioenergetic Analysis and the work of J. Pierrakos, Al Pesso and Moshe Feldenkrais, developed the <\/span>Hakomi<\/b> method that helps a person realize what he has the potential to become or what he should become.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Jack Lee Rosenberg (1996)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Jack Lee Rosenberg<\/b> (1996) created <\/span>Synthetic Somatic Psychotherapy<\/b> encapsulating features from yoga, Bioenergetic Analysis, Reichian analysis, psychoanalysis, Transactional Analysis and object-oriented relationships.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Jerome Liss (1986)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Psychiatrist <\/span>Jerome Liss<\/b> (1986) developed the <\/span>Biosystemic<\/b> modality, which combines various ways of working with the body, in order to explore the relationship between the parasympathetic and the sympathetic system of the ANS. The resulting emotional deepening helps a person restore a healthy balance.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Jacob \u201cJay\u201d Stattman (1989 \u03ba\u03b1\u03b9 1991)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

In the next generation of Body Psychotherapists who had no contact with co-workers and students of Reich,<\/span> Jacob \u201cJay\u201d Stattman<\/b> (1989 and 1991) founded <\/span>Unitive Psychology,<\/b> unifying elements of Humanistic Psychology with the theoretical work of Reich and some psychodynamic elements of Character Analysis. He used various techniques on the body, focusing on breathing, movement and contact, influenced by Gerda Boyesen, Reich, Lowen and Feldenkrais.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Yvonne Maurer (1993)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Influenced by Gestalt therapy and Bioenergetics, psychiatrist <\/span>Yvonne Maurer<\/b> (1993) developed <\/span>Body-centered Psychotherapy<\/b>.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Luciano Rispoli (2008)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Luciano Rispoli<\/b> (2008) developed <\/span>Functional Psychotherapy,<\/b> exploring the functionality of a person on all levels: mind, emotion, body, physiology. Therapy aims to mobilize and again incorporate the altered functions so as to restore primal fundamental experiences.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Arnold Mindell” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Arnold Mindell<\/b>, initially a Jungian analyst, at the late 1970s developed his own modality of <\/span>Process-oriented Psychotherapy<\/b>, which follows the psychological workings of a person during his development and movement through various channels.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Modern Dance-Kinetic Psychotherapy” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Another important trend is the <\/span>Modern Dance-Kinetic Psychotherapy<\/b>, a somatic psychotherapeutic version of the Dance-Kinetic Therapy developed by <\/span>Elsa Gindler<\/b> in 1910-1920.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][dsm_content_timeline_child dsm_use_icon_image=”off” dsm_title=”Ilana Rubenfeld (1998)” dsm_content=”<\/p>\n

Ilana Rubenfeld<\/b> (1998) developed the <\/span>Rubenfeld Synergy Method(RSM)<\/b>, using a kind of touch with the hands, quite similar to Gerda Boyesen\u2019s technique of mild biodynamic massage.<\/span><\/p>\n

” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_margin=”||20px||false|false” custom_padding=”10px||||false|false” global_colors_info=”{}” parent_header_level=”h4″][\/dsm_content_timeline_child][\/dsm_content_timeline][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_margin=”20px||20px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|50px|50px|50px|50px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Sigmund-Freud-in-office-56a7922f5f9b58b7d0ebc7ad-scaled-1.jpg” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#5C2E91″ custom_padding=”50px|50px|50px|50px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_blurb icon_alignment=”left” content_max_width=”1000px” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#5C2E91″ header_font_size=”25px” body_text_align=”justify” body_text_color=”#FFFFFF” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

There are also some people who dealt with a kind of \u201csomatic therapy\u201d to which they proceeded to add psychotherapeutic features so as to transform it to Body Psychotherapy. For example, in Europe, <\/span>Jack Painter<\/b>\u2019s Postural Integration method (1987) was transformed to <\/span>Psychotherapeutic Postural Integration<\/b>, through the adoption of Gestalt psychotherapy. Also, in the United States,<\/span> Susan Aposhyan<\/b> (2004) transformed Bonnie Bainbridge Cohen\u2019s <\/span>Body-Mind Centering<\/b> to Body Psychotherapy.<\/span> Albert Pesso<\/b> and his wife <\/span>Diane Boyden-Pesso<\/b> (1961), who started out as professional dancers, studied the way that movement can ease the expression of emotion. In this way, they developed the Psychokinetic modality, which has now developed into a body-oriented psychodrama.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”11px||11px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_blurb icon_alignment=”left” content_max_width=”1000px” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#5C2E91″ header_font_size=”25px” body_text_align=”justify” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

In this history, from Janet and his sources of inspiration until today, a growing trend to marginalize the body coexists with the growing understanding of intellectual processes.<\/span><\/p>\n

A split between mind and body dominated, whereby the mind is considered as controlling and superior to body and nature.<\/span><\/p>\n

Freud had diagnosed the pathological consequences of this split, but later presented as a general condition, claiming that it formed an essential ingredient of civilization.<\/span><\/p>\n

So, as mentioned before, he gave up studying the body and concentrated exclusively on verbal communication, and consequently the practice of psychoanalysis through the talking cure was restricted to how the psyche influences the body, and not vice versa. In addition, the placement of the therapist\u2019s seat behind the \u201ccouch\u201d obstructed the necessary visual contact with the body of the analysand, thus precluding any possible non-verbal communication<\/span><\/p>\n

Around 1929-1930, the body was relegated to the margins. Perhaps this was related to Reich\u2019s preoccupation with Marxism, sociopolitical theory and sexuality. When he was expelled from the international psychoanalytic community, the body was definitively split from psychoanalysis and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychoanalysis turned to object-oriented relationships focusing on transference, counter-transference and the psychodynamic case history, without any references to or taking into account the body.<\/span><\/p>\n

Thus, the integration of the somatic reality to psychotherapy is not a novel phenomenon, but rather a repudiated aspect of it.<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=”1_2,1_2″ use_custom_gutter=”on” gutter_width=”1″ make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_enable_color=”off” custom_margin=”20px||20px||true|false” custom_padding=”0px||0px||true|false” border_radii=”on|100px|100px|100px|100px” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_color=”#5C2E91″ custom_padding=”50px|50px|50px|50px|true|true” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_blurb icon_alignment=”left” content_max_width=”1000px” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#5C2E91″ header_font_size=”25px” body_text_align=”justify” body_text_color=”#FFFFFF” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

It took 70 years, from 1934 to 2004, when the Cambridge conference titled \u201cFor the body: Working with the embodied mind in psychotherapy\u201d was organized so that the body may reacquire its place in psychotherapy.<\/b><\/p>\n

Neurosciences also help in the direction of an integrated approach to the science of psychology as regards man and his body.<\/b><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=”1_2″ _builder_version=”4.18.0″ _module_preset=”default” background_image=”https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/09\/Sigmund-Freud-in-office-56a7922f5f9b58b7d0ebc7ad-scaled-1.jpg” global_colors_info=”{}”][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row make_equal=”on” _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” custom_padding=”11px||11px||true|false” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_column type=”4_4″ _builder_version=”4.17.4″ _module_preset=”default” global_colors_info=”{}”][et_pb_blurb icon_alignment=”left” content_max_width=”1000px” _builder_version=”4.19.4″ _module_preset=”default” header_font=”|700|||||||” header_text_color=”#5C2E91″ header_font_size=”25px” body_text_align=”justify” global_colors_info=”{}”]\n

Body Psychotherapy benefited from psychoanalysis as to the integration of the concept of the therapeutic relationship and the correct use of transference and counter-transference.<\/span><\/p>\n

On the other hand, the concept of somatic resonance as a kind of \u201csomatic transference\u201d, crucial to many Body Psychotherapists, is more and more accepted in psychotherapy generally, as an important aspect of the therapeutic relationship.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n

The body of the psychotherapist is now acknowledged as a significant feature of the therapeutic process (Shaw, 2003).<\/span><\/p>\n[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section]\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The term \u201cBody Psychotherapy\u201d became established in the area of Psychotherapy during the 1980s. The European Association for Body Psychotherapy (EABP), the scientific and administrative association for Body Psychotherapy in Europe, was founded in 1988, and USABP is also active in the United States. Currently, the fourth-generation Body Psychotherapists are entering the profession, counting from Reich and Raknes.Body Psychotherapy includes a number of psychotherapeutic modalities based on the same fundamental principles: 1.the body plays an important role in the psychic condition of the person 2.mind and body are interrelated 3.the body\u2019s contribution and the emphasis on it enhance the healing potential of psychotherapy

\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t \n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>
\n\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t
\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\t

”Dr.<\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t
”It<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":247544,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_et_pb_use_builder":"on","_et_pb_old_content":"","_et_gb_content_width":"","footnotes":""},"difl_page_category":[],"class_list":["post-247548","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/247548","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=247548"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/247548\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":247776,"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/247548\/revisions\/247776"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/247544"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=247548"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"difl_page_category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.pesops.gr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/difl_page_category?post=247548"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}